• Determine the meeting or event purpose (board meeting, wedding, etc.).
• Consider the size of the group, gender mix, ages of attendees, and any special needs.
• Determine meeting dates. Avoid dates that coincide with other company or industry events or holidays.
• Are the dates and/or days of the week firm or flexible?
• Plan the meeting or event in advance to secure the most desirable space.
• Create an outline for each session or activity, including expected attendance, seating arrangements, required setup times, starting and ending times, and audiovisual and production needs.
• List food and beverage requirements for each occasion, including meals, receptions and breaks.
• Consider air and ground transportation needs.
• Plan entertainment and recreation needs, group activities and/or team-building exercises.
• Prepare a timeline for producing invitations, event promotion, registration and production of meeting materials.
• Designate an administrative person to create name badges and coordinate written material.
• Budget for all sponsor expenses and calculate expenses for meeting participants.
• Schedule speaker(s), if required.

• Determine which expenses will be assumed by the meeting or event sponsor and by the attendees.
• Create a balance sheet listing expenses for all functional areas of your meeting or event, such as staff time, marketing expenses, air and ground transportation, accommodations, food and beverage, entertainment and recreation, taxes and gratuities, service charges, audiovisual equipment and production costs.
• Build in a contingency fund for unanticipated, last minute expenses.
• Don't forget expenses for licenses (music, written materials) and insurance (liquor and general liability, business cancellation and interruption).
• Check budgets from similar meetings and events to gauge cost.
• Make sure funds are allocated to pay all suppliers. Establish a holding account for accrued program expenses.
• Consult with your company's accounting office or financial officer on formatting the budget so it's compatible with internal accounting systems.
• Secure the signature of a financial officer or other person with fiscal responsibility in your company, for any expenditures above what you have budgeted.

Selecting a Destination

• Determine if there are any goals or needs that might make a particular destination more preferable.
• Choose a convenient location based on where your guests are traveling from, their travel time and cost to reach a destination, and a site near air and/or ground transportation.
• Adhere to your organization's travel program and current arrangements with preferred hotels and airlines.
• Be aware of seasonal hotel occupancy rates, room taxes and recent changes in supply or demand that will affect your expenses. Schedule around big conventions or festivals that could limit hotel room supply and services during your meeting or event dates.
• Check flight schedules/frequency to your destination - most participants prefer direct, nonstop flights.
• Consider factors such as weather, security, political/social climate and labor considerations that may affect participation and/or costs of the event.

Finding the Right Hotel

• Determine the type of hotel that will best suit your meeting or event needs (an airport hotel, convention and meeting hotel, resort, conference center or all-suite hotel).
• Determine the type and number of guest rooms needed (singles, doubles, suites, specially equipped business rooms or rooms accessible for people with special needs.)
• Determine the number and size of meeting rooms needed; use past programs as a benchmark.
• Choose a hotel with facilities that meet your needs, such as sleeping and meeting rooms, restaurants, sightseeing and recreation options.
• Keep in mind the comfort of your attendees. Consider hotel services that will enhance the stay of special guests or VIPs.

Submitting Meeting or Event Specifications or a Request for Proposal (RFP)

After the preliminary research is complete, create a Request for Proposal (RFP). This allows a property to see, in writing, the information about your group. Preparing the specifications is a valuable process because it requires you to think about all the needs of the group. Be sure to document all site requirements, including:

• Preferred dates and optional dates (if available)
• Number and types of guest rooms
• Number, size and usage of meeting rooms and the times they are needed
• Range of acceptable rates
• Dates and types of meal functions and breaks
• Exhibits and any other special events or activities
• Any related information such as complimentary requirements

Inspecting the Site

No facility will look the same in person as it will on paper, nor will you be able to get a sense of service without going to the site. If your budget or time does not allow you to visit the site, the following options are available to you:

• Check with other people, including other planners, to see which properties they've used and which ones they would recommend.
• Use the Internet to view sites, and/or contact the local convention and visitors' bureau for materials, including facility descriptions, city maps, transportation information, etc.

Making Cost-Effective Choices

• Evaluate the cost and time savings for a small group to eat in a private section of the restaurant, as opposed to having a catered meal.
• Write out the due dates for guarantees. Typically, guarantees are due 48 to 72 business hours prior to the event.
• Specify the "overset" in the contract. An overset is the number of people beyond the guaranteed number for which the facility will set tables and places. This amount varies from 0 to 5% or more; the industry average is 3%.
• You will usually be billed for the guaranteed number or the number served, whichever is greater.
• Find out what service charges and/or gratuities will be added to the price of the meal and taxed, to avoid any surprises.
• Don't compromise on quality. However, if your budget is restrictive, consider reducing the number of food functions you are planning for your meeting or event.
• Consider flowers, decorations and entertainment. Your hotel can provide ideas for floral arrangements, table and room decor and quality entertainment.

Planning the Meals

• At events offering food and beverage service, allow enough time for guests to eat leisurely, network or socialize with colleagues or friends and family, and enjoy all presentations or ceremonies, if there are any involved.
• Generally allow 30 to 40 minutes for breakfast, 45 to 60 minutes for lunch, and 20 minutes per course for dinner. For refreshment breaks, allow a minimum of 15 minutes for up to 100 people, 30 minutes for up to 1,000 people and 30 to 45 minutes for groups larger than 1,000.
• Plan on two cups of coffee or tea per person for a morning break and one cup of coffee/tea or one soda per person during an afternoon break.
• Consider a luncheon buffet for small group working sessions. Buffets offer variety and faster service.
• Consider requesting one server for each table, for more formal meals and/or VIP tables.
• Most facilities allow one server for every two tables, for standard, three- or four-course meals. Check with the facility to determine if there will be additional labor charges for the extra servers.
• Always plan to serve a variety of foods during cocktail receptions. The food should be healthy, appetizing and visually appealing.
• Provide one bartender for every 75-100 people.
• Offer nonalcoholic beverages in addition to beer, wine and premium liquor.
• Consider donating leftover food to homeless shelters or distribution organizations for the needy.

Meeting Room Setup/Configurations

• Conference and Hollow Square: Appropriate for interactive discussions and note-taking sessions for fewer than 25 people. Many hotels have elegant boardrooms for 10 to 20 people, equipped with full audiovisual capabilities, a writing board, cork board and a flip chart.
• E-shape, U-shape and T-shape: Appropriate for groups of fewer than 40 people. These are best for interaction with a leader seated at the head of the setup. Audiovisual equipment is usually set up at the open end of the seating.
• Ovals and rounds: Generally used for meals and sessions involving small group discussions. A five-foot-round table seats eight people comfortably. A six-foot-round table seats 10 people comfortably.
• Theater: Appropriate for large sessions and short lectures that do not require extensive note taking. This is a convenient setup to use before breaking into discussion or role-playing groups because chairs can be moved.
• Schoolroom or Classroom: The most desirable setup for medium to large-size lectures. This configuration requires a relatively large room. Tables provide attendees with space for spreading out materials and taking notes.

• Be aware of factors that can directly affect the quality and cost of an AV presentation: ceiling height, walls, floors, obstructions, windows, lighting, mirrors, doors, air conditioning, and fire exits.
• Ask the AV company's representative to walk through the space with you. This person will be able to explain how to best use the meeting or event space.
• Communicate with speakers/presenters to confirm AV needs. Plan for a minimum of a 35mm projector, an overhead projector, screen and flip chart(s) for smaller breakouts. More often, presenters are using computer LCD projectors and high-intensity overheads. Determine the availability and cost of this equipment.
• Be aware that all rooms are not equipped with sound systems, nor do all sessions need sound. Determine which rooms need sound and which can be used with the systems in place. Try to negotiate a flat rate or a percentage off the daily rate when renting a system.
• Consider that screen height generally should be the distance from the screen to the back wall divided by eight; chairs should be no closer to the screen than 1.5 times the screen's height; ceilings should be at least 10 feet high. Rely on your AV technician for assistance.